Research progress on nano-calcium phosphate modified dental materials for the prevention and treatment of dental pulp diseases / 口腔疾病防治

@#Nanomaterials usually refer to tiny particles with a diameter of 1-100 nm, which often have unique physicochemical properties and are one of the main areas of research interest for development of dental biomaterials. Nano-calcium phosphate modified dental materials have been widely used in pit and fissure sealing, dental resin restoration, tooth adhesion, and root canal sealing. The current research shows that the dental material modified by nano-calcium phosphate has stronger mechanical properties and shows long-term calcium and phosphorus ion release and excellent ion recharging ability, which can promote the remineralization of tooth hard tissue and has good prospects for application. However, it is difficult to accurately simulate the complex environment of the oral cavity. Therefore, the biocompatibility, cytotoxicity and effect of clinical application of nano-calcium phosphate modified dental materials still needs further study. This review summarizes and discusses the recent research progress regarding nano-calcium phosphate modified dental materials in the prevention and treatment of dental pulp diseases.

Morbilidad en ancianos con pérdida dentaria / Morbidity in elderly with dental loss

Introducción: La pérdida dentaria tiene consecuencias en la apariencia y en la función fisiológica general del adulto mayor, lo cual constituye un problema aún no resuelto en la República Bolivariana de Venezuela. Objetivo: Describir la morbilidad en adultos mayores con pérdida de dientes permanentes. Método: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, observacional y de corte transversal en la Clínica Simón Bolívar del municipio de Diego Ibarra, perteneciente al estado venezolano de Carabobo, desde enero hasta junio del 2016. El universo estuvo constituido por 100 adultos mayores de 60 años y más, ambos sexos y desdentados parciales o totales. Las variables analizadas fueron edad, sexo, higiene bucal, número de dientes permanentes perdidos, así como el tipo de aparatología protésica requerida. Se emplearon las frecuencias relativa y absoluta como medidas de resumen. Resultados: Se encontró que 73,0 % de los ancianos perdieron sus dientes por caries dental, siendo las féminas y el grupo de 60-64 años de edad el más afectado. Asimismo, predominaron la higiene bucal deficiente y la necesidad de prótesis parcial. Conclusiones: Existió una elevada morbilidad en los adultos mayores con pérdida dentaria, lo cual afectó su funcionalidad, estética y autoestima, que de no ser corregida pudiera provocar consecuencias importantes en la cavidad bucal y en el resto del cuerpo, sin olvidar la prevención o detección precoz de cualquier otra enfermedad bucal que la genere.

Introduction: Dental loss has consequences in the elderly general physiologic function and appearance, that constitutes an unsolved problem in the Bolivian Republic of Venezuela. Objective: To describe the morbidity in elderly with loss of permanent teeth. Method: A descriptive, observational and cross-sectional study was carried out in Simón Bolívar Clinic from Diego Ibarra municipality, belonging to Carabobo in Venezuela, from January to June, 2016. The universe was constituted by 100 elderly of 60 years and more from both sexes and partially or totally toothless. The analyzed variables were age, sex, oral hygiene, number of lost permanent teeth, as well as the type of prosthesis required. The relative and absolute frequencies were used as summary measures. Results: It was found that 73.0 % of the elderly lost their teeth due to dental decay, being women and the 60-64 age group the most affected one. Also, the poor oral hygiene and the necessity of partial prosthesis prevailed. Conclusions: A high morbidity existed in elderly with dental loss, which affected their functionality, aesthetics and self-esteem that could cause important consequences in the oral cavity and in the rest of the body if it is not corrected, without forgetting the prevention or early detection of any other oral disease that generates it.

Oral Health Status and Habits among 6 - 13 Years Old Children with Limited Access to Dental Care in South Jeddah

The objective of this research was to assess oral health status and habits and to explore potential risk factors for dentalcaries among 6-13 years old children with limited access to dental care. A cross-sectional design was used to screen asample of 563 intermediate school children with limited access to oral health care in the Al-Khomrah district, south Jeddah,Saudi Arabia. A stratified random sample was selected and data was collected using an interview questionnaire withextraoral and intraoral examination. The examination aimed at detection of oral health conditions regarding oral hygienestatus, habits, decayed, missing and filled teeth and treatment needs. Treatment of simple and emergency cases wasperformed in the mobile clinic and severe cases were referred to King Abdulaziz University, Faculty of Dentistry (KAUFD).The study included 262 males (46.5%) and 301 females (53.3%) with a mean age of 10.99 + 2.07 years. The prevalence ofdecayed, missing or filled primary teeth was 59.1%, 2.5%, and 3.4%, respectively. The corresponding values for permanentteeth were 65.9%, 4.3% and 7.6%, respectively. Males had significantly higher prevalence of caries than females. Theyounger age groups, in case of primary teeth and the older age groups, in case of permanent teeth had significantly higherprevalence of dental caries. The median dmft (95% CI) was 2 (1-2) and the median DMFT (95% CI) was 2 (2-3).Multinomial multiple logistic regression indicated that intensity of primary teeth caries decreased with increasing age andbrushing teeth at least once a day and increased with male gender, living in rented house or having poor oral hygiene. Asregards permanent teeth, the likelihood of having more severe caries increased by child’s age, below secondary schooleducated fathers and/or mothers, being a male, and with poor oral hygiene. Dental caries prevalence and intensity weremoderate among the examined group. Males had significantly higher caries prevalence and intensity than females.

The applications of Nd：YAG laser and Er：YAG laser in endodontics / 口腔疾病防治

@#With the gradual maturity of laser technology, it has become widely considered a new method for disease treatment. Nd：YAG laser and Er：YAG laser are two representative solid-state lasers. These lasers are easy to use, comfortable and safe, and thus, they have recently become a research hotspot in dental treatment. Nd：YAG laser and Er：YAG laser have been used for the treatment of dentin hypersensitivity and dental caries, root canal therapy, pulp preservation and apical surgery. They are effective adjuvant methods for the treatment of dental pulp diseases and provide new avenues for clinical treatment. In this paper, the application of Nd：YAG laser and Er：YAG laser in the treatment of dental pulp disease is described to provide a reference for clinical treatment options.

Report from a symposium on accelerating policy-driven action against excessive sugar consumption for the prevention of early childhood caries and noncommunicable diseases

Dental diseases and other noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) share common risks. Omnipresent and easily available sugars are a contributing risk factor for overweight, obesity, and diabetes. In addition, sugar consumption is known to cause dental caries in early childhood (early childhood caries) and in adults. It has been noticed that the prevalence of NCDs is increasing each year, leading to 70% of deaths. A symposium of diverse academicians was convened to identify the gaps in evidence, policy, and advocacy for action on sugars, emphasizing on its detrimental effects on oral health. Existence of policies on sugars, experiences of other countries, feasibility in India, and the role of public health dentists, public, and stakeholders were discussed. Policy priorities in India and advocacy to strengthen action against inappropriate sugar intake could help address the growing burden of sugar-related NCDs. Recommendations to this end were put forth by the panel of experts.

Association of Undernutrition and Early Childhood Dental Caries

Objectives: To determine the association between early childhood caries and nutritionalstatus in preschool children. Methods: Cross-sectional study among preschool children(N=550, age 8-60 mo) were selected in tribal, rural and urban health care units of Kerala. Anoral examination for early childhood caries status was done using Deft index. Theanthropometric measurements were recorded. Multiple logistic regression with othercovariates was used to determine the association between the early childhood caries andnutritional status. Results: The mean (SD) Deft scores were 0.93 (1.73), 2.22 (2.92) and 3.40(3.23) for children with normal nutritional status, borderline undernutrition and undernutrition,respectively. Children with borderline undernutrition (adjusted OR 2.05, 95% CI 1.20, 3.49) orundernutrition (adjusted OR 3.46, 95% CI 1.93, 6.29) had higher odds of dental caries incomparison to those with normal nutritional status. Conclusion: Undernutrition is associatedwith early childhood caries among preschool children.

Caries en los primeros molares permanentes de estudiantes de la enseñanza secundaria / Dental decays in the first permanent molars of secondary teaching students

Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal de los 694 estudiantes de la Escuela Secundaria Básica Camilo Cienfuegos Gorriará de Santiago de Cuba, durante el trimestre de enero a marzo del 2015, con vistas a determinar la afectación por caries en el primer molar permanente. Para el análisis de la información se empleó el porcentaje y entre los principales resultados se obtuvo que la mayoría de los examinados (74,0 por ciento) presentara caries en al menos uno de dichos molares, con una mayor frecuencia del sexo femenino y la edad de 13 años (45,6 y 77,6 por ciento, respectivamente), mientras que los molares inferiores fueron los más dañados (26,5 por ciento) y las fosas y fisuras, las superficies dentales más afectadas (5,1 por ciento). Finalmente, se recomendó intensificar los programas de atención estomatológica a escolares de 12 a 15 años de edad

A descriptive and cross-sectional study of 694 students from Camilo Cienfuegos Gorriarán secondary school in Santiago de Cuba was carried out from January to March, 2015 with the purpose of determining the disorder due to dental decays in the first permanent molar. The percentage was used to analyze the information and among the main results it was found that most of those examinated (74 percent) presented dental decay in at least one of the molars, with a higher frequency in the female sex and 13 years students (45.6 and 77.6 percent respectively), while the most damaged were the lower molars (26.5 percent); fossas and fissures were the most affected dental surfacies (5.1 percent). Finally, it was recommended to intensify the stomalogical care programs to school children from 12 to 15 years

Cárie dentária em crianças de 5 anos: fatores sociodemográficos, lócus de controle e atitudes parentais / Dental decay in 5-year-old children: sociodemographic factors, locus of control and parental attitudes

Resumo A cárie dentária afeta grande parte das crianças, principalmente as de baixo nível socioeconômico. Neste estudo, de delineamento transversal, objetivou-se investigar o papel de fatores sociodemográficos, atitudes parentais e do Lócus de Controle, indicador da percepção pessoal sobre o que controla a saúde do sujeito, na prevalência de cárie em pré-escolares de cinco anos, moradores de cidade de médio porte paulista. Avaliou-se o índice ceo-d de 426 crianças; os pais informaram sobre as características sociodemográficas, responderam a dois questionários de Lócus de Controle e um de atitudes parentais. Os resultados mostraram que 52,35% dos pré-escolares apresentaram cárie, com a severa em níveis mais altos nos estratos mais baixos E-F. Nível socioeconômico mais alto e baixa externalidade mostraram-se como fatores de proteção. Baixa internalidade parental apareceu como um fator de risco para cárie nos dentes decíduos, possivelmente porque a mãe espera ou delega a ação a outros, retardando os cuidados. A percepção parental de controle sobre a saúde do filho parece favorecer cuidados preventivos e, consequentemente, o nível de cárie da criança.

Abstract Dental decay affects many children, especially those from the lower socioeconomic classes. In this cross-sectional study designed to investigate the role played by sociodemographic factors, parental attitudes, and locus of control, which are an indicator of personal perception of what controls individual health, on the prevalence of tooth decay among 5-year-old pre-school children living in a midsized city in São Paulo, Brazil. The ceo-d index of 426 children was assessed; the parents reported sociodemographic characteristics and completed two questionnaires concerning locus of control and parental attitudes. The results show that 52.35% of the children had decay; higher levels of severe decay were observed among lower E-F socioeconomic classes. Higher socioeconomic status and low externality appear to be protective factors. Low parental internality emerged as a risk factor for decay in primary teeth, possibly because the mother expects or delegates the action to others, delaying care. Parental perceptions of control over a child's health seem to impact preventive care and, consequently, the level of tooth decay among children.

Factores de riesgo de caries dental en escolares de 5 a 11 años / Risk factors of dental decay in school children aged 5 to 11

Se realizó un estudio analítico observacional, de tipo caso-control, que incluyó a 300 niños de 5 a 11 años de edad, atendidos en la Clínica Estomatológica perteneciente al Policlínico Docente "Julián Grimau" de Santiago de Cuba, desde enero hasta septiembre de 2015, para determinar los principales factores de riesgo asociados a la caries dental, para lo cual fueron constituidos 2 grupos: los casos y los controles. El primero integrado por 100 escolares con caries dentales detectadas al examen bucal y el segundo formado por 200 niños en los que no se evidenciaron signos clínicos de la enfermedad. Como principales factores de riesgo predominaron la higiene bucal deficiente y el apiñamiento dentario. Con estos resultados se mostró que la ineficacia de las acciones de promoción de salud, afecta el estado de salud bucal en estas edades.

An observational analytic case-control study that included 300 children aged 5 to 11, assisted in the Stomatological Clinic belonging to "Julián Grimau" Teaching Polyclinic in Santiago de Cuba, was carried out from January to September, 2015, to determine the main risk factors associated to dental decay, for which 2 groups were constituted: case and control groups. The first one integrated by 100 scholars with dental decay detected in the oral exam and the second formed by 200 children in whom clinical signs of the disease were not evidenced. As main risk factors, poor oral hygiene and dental crowding prevailed. With these results it was shown that the ineffectiveness of health promotion actions, affects the state of oral health in these ages.

Características de la enfermedad periodontal en la población atendida en consulta externa de la Clínica Estomatológica "Camilo Torres Restrepo" / Characteristics of the periodontal disease in the population assisted in the out-patient department from “Camilo Torres Restrepo” Stomatological Clinic

Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y trasversal de 415 pacientes con enfermedades periodontales -- seleccionados por muestreo aleatorio simple -- que acudieron al servicio estomatológico del Policlínico Docente "Camilo Torres Restrepo" de Santiago de Cuba, de enero a julio del 2013, con vistas a describir las características de las periodontopatías. Entre los resultados preponderantes figuraron: el sexo masculino (54,2 %), la gingivitis como condición periodontal (49,6 %) y el grupo etario de 50-59 años (38,6 %); asimismo, el factor de riesgo más frecuente fue la higiene bucal deficiente (89,2 %), seguida en menor porcentaje de la caries dental (75,7). Este problema de salud ha estado presente en la población de la mencionada área de salud hasta la actualidad, pero con la identificación de los factores de riesgo más relevantes, se podría prevenir o detener su desarrollo.

A descriptive and cross sectional study of 415 patients with periodontal disease -- selected by simple random sampling -- who went to the stomatological service of "Camilo Torres Restrepo" Teaching Polyclinic in Santiago de Cuba was carried out from January to July, 2013, with the objective of describing the characteristics of the periodontopathies. Among the predominant results there were: the male sex (54.2%), gingivitis as periodontal condition (49.6%) and the age group 50-59 years (38.6%); also, the most frequent risk factor was the poor oral hygiene (89.2%), followed in lower percentage by dental cavity (75.7). This health problem has been present in the population of the aforementioned health area up to the present time, but with the identification of the most outstanding risk factors, its clinical course could be prevented or stopped.

Eefectividad de los colutorios de clorhexidina más flúor en niños de 6 años con alto riesgo de caries / Effectiveness of the clorhexidine plus fluoride collutoriums in 6 year-old children with high risk of dental caries

Se efectuó un estudio cuasiexperimental en 27 escolares de 6 años con alto riesgo de caries, pertenecientes a la Escuela Primaria "Miguel Ángel Oramas Alfonso" de Santiago de Cuba, desde octubre del 2009 hasta mayo del 2012, con vistas a determinar la efectividad de los colutorios de clorhexidina más flúor en estos niños. La casuística quedó distribuida en 2 grupos: estudio (A) y control (B), seleccionados a través de un muestreo aleatorio simple; los primeros tratados con clorhexidina más flúor, durante 15 días continuos, por 4 meses y los segundos con flúor solamente, por igual periodo. Se demostró la efectividad de los citados colutorios con resultados significativos, puesto que en el grupo A existió una disminución proporcional de las caries (66,6 %), no aparecieron nuevas y 76,9 % de sus integrantes lograron una higiene bucal eficiente.

A quasi-experimental study was carried out in 27 school children who were 6 years-old with high cavity risk, belonging to "Miguel Ángel Oramas Alfonso" Primary School in Santiago de Cuba, from October, 2009 to May, 2012, aimed at determining the effectiveness of clorhexidine plus fluoride collutoriums in these children. The case material was distributed in 2 groups: study group (A) and control group (B), selected through a simple random sampling; the first group was treated with clorhexidine plus fluorine, during 15 continuous days, for 4 months and the second one with fluoride only, during an equal period. The effectiveness of the mentioned collutoriums was demonstrated with significant results, since in group A proportional decrease of the caries existed (66.6%), there were no new ones and 76.9 % of its members achieved an efficient oral hygiene.

Análisis del impacto real de los hábitos alimenticios y nutricionales en el desarrollo de la caries dental / Analysis of the real impact of food and nutrition habits in the development of dental caries

Dental decay is known as a multifactorial disease in which diet assumes an important significance. The consumption of carbohydrates in certain periods of time allows the production of acids by the bacteria present in the biofilm with the consequent mineral lost from the teeth substrate. Actually there are many studies that have considered the effect of some diet components on the oral health. The sucrose is the most cariogenic disaccharide commonly present on the family diet. The aim of this review is to find in the literature the relationship between nutritional aspects, alimentary habits and decay disease. This paper concluded that a negligent alimentary practice contributes with dental decay development. Alimentary habits and sociocultural family conditions are strongly related. That is why positive models must be adopted by the parents and early transferred to their children becoming those healthy habits persistent into their lives

La caries dental es una enfermedad considerada multifactorial en la cual la dieta cumple un papel importante para su desarrollo. El consumo de carbohidratos en diversos períodos durante el día permite la producción de ácidos capaces de causar la pérdida mineral del substrato dental (desmineralización). En la actualidad, diversos estudios consideran el efecto de ciertos componentes de la dieta sobre la salud bucal. La sacarosa, considerada el disacárido más cariogénico presente frecuentemente en la dieta familiar colaboran con el desequilibro de salud bucal. El objetivo de esta revisión fue buscar en la literatura datos que fundamenten la relación de las variables nutrición y dieta con la enfermedad. Se concluyó que la práctica alimenticia negligente, con nutrición y dieta desfavorables, aportan para el desarrollo de la enfermedad. Existe una fuerte relación entre hábitos alimenticios y condiciones socioculturales familiares. Siendo así, modelos positivos deben ser adquiridos y transferidos precozmente de los padres a los hijos, tornando esos hábitos persistentes en la vida de los niños y contribuyendo positivamente para su salud

Prevalencia de caries dental en la población infantil que acuden al ambulatorio urbano "La Haciendita" en el Municipio Mariara, Estado Carabobo / Prevalence of dental decay in the infantile population that goes to ambulatory urban \"La Haciendita\" in Municipio Mariara, State Carabobo

La caries dental en los seres humanos es una enfermedad crónica, compleja, dinámica, infecciosa y de origen multifactorial. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar la prevalencia de caries dental con relación al sexo y la edad en un grupo de niños y niñas atendidos en el Ambulatorio "La Haciendita", en el Municipio Mariara, Edo. Carabobo. El tipo de investigación fue cuantitativa de diseño descriptiva no experimental transeccional. La población y muestra estuvo conformada por 30 niños (100%) entre 6 a 12 años que asistieron a la consulta odontológica del ambulatorio, en un lapso de 3 meses. El instrumento fue una historia clínica elaborada en base a las dimensiones de las variables del estudio, validada por juicio de expertos. Los resultados según sexo y edad fueron 63,66% niñas y 36,66% niños. El 76,6% tenían edades comprendidas entre 6 y 10 años y sólo el 23,3% tenían edades entre 11 a 12 años. La prevalencia de caries en dentición permanente de todos los niños fue 13,22% y en dentición temporal fue de 20,94%. Se obtuvo un índice del promedio de dientes cariados, perdidos, obturados (CPOD) de 2,46 y un promedio de dientes temporarios cariados (c), con extracción indicada (e) y obturados en una población (ceo) de 1,96. De igual manera se identificó el componente cariado como el más elevado en ambas denticiones. Se concluye que la alta incidencia de caries dental puede reducirse si modificamos o intervenimos a través de su prevención desde la concepción del niño

The dental decay in humans is a chronic, complex, dynamic, infectious, and multifactorial origin. This study had like objective to determine the prevalence of dental decay in relation to sex and the age in a group of children and children taken care of in Ambulatory "The Haciendita", in the Municipality Mariara, State Carabobo. The type of investigation was quantitative of descriptive design nonexperimental transeccional. The population and shows was conformed by 30 children (100%) enters 6 12 years that attended the odontological consultation of the ambulatory one, a lapse of 3 months. The instrument was an elaborated clinical history on the basis of the dimensions of the variables of the study, validated by judgment of experts. The results according to sex and age were 63.66% children and 36.66% children. 76.6% had ages between 6 and 10 years and only 23.3% had ages between 11 to 12 years. The prevalence of decay in permanent teething of all the children was 13.22% and in temporary teething it was of 20.94%. An index of the average of carious, lost teeth, obturated (DMFT) was obtained of 2,46 and an average of carious temp teeth (c), with indicated extraction (e) and obturated in a population (dmft) of 1,96. Of equal way decayed component was identified as the highest in both dentitions. One concludes that the high incidence of dental decay can be reduced if we modified or we take part through its prevention from the conception of the boy

Costo de la atención odontológica por caries dental en estudiantes preuniversitarios mexicanos / Estimated costs of dental care due to dental decay in Mexican high school students

Objetivo: estimar el costo de la atención dado por la prevalencia de caries dental en estudiantes preuniversitarios de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM). Método: se realizó un estudio transversal descriptivo en una población de 78.870 estudiantes preuniversitarios (efectuado entre 2003 y 2005). La necesidad de tratamiento por caries se determinó por medio del índice de dientes cariados, perdidos y obturados (CPOD), como es indicado en el Examen Médico Automatizado (EMA). La estimación del costo de atención se obtuvo a partir de la sumatoria de los costos directos (material dental) e indirectos (barreras de protección) por diente y por tratamiento, de acuerdo con los precios establecidos para la atención de pacientes en la Facultad de Odontología de la UNAM. Resultados: el 47,3% de los estudiantes presentó caries dental; el 31,9%, pérdida dental, y el 59,1%, obturaciones dentales. El gasto mínimo de atención para el número de dientes cariados (105.029) fue de $27.832.685 (pesos mexicanos); no obstante, para el número de dientes perdidos (101.802) el costo total estimado fue de $77.878.530. Se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre el número de dientes con experiencia de caries y el sexo. Conclusiones: los altos costos estimados para la atención del grupo poblacional estudiado en materia de salud dental hacen pensar en la necesidad de establecer programas y metas específicas en los niveles educativos secundario, medio superior y superior, que promuevan favorablemente el autocuidado.

Objective: Estimate the cost of dental care generated by the dental decay prevalence in high school students at Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM). Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out with a population of 78,870 high schoolers (conducted between the years 2003 and 2005). The need for dental caries treatment was determined by the decayed, missing and filled teeth index (DMFT) as it is indicated at the Automated Medical Exam (EMA, acronym in Spanish). The estimation of dental care cost included a combination of direct (dental materials) and indirect costs (protection barriers) per tooth and treatment needed, using the price list for patients attending the dental service at the dental school of UNAM as a reference. Results: 47.3% of the students presented dental cavities, 31.9% lost teeth, and 59.1% had fillings. Minimum dental care expense estimated for decayed teeth (105,029) was $27,832,685 and $77,878,530 (Mexican pesos) for lost teeth (101,802). Statisticallysignificant differences were found when comparing dental caries prevalence and gender. Conclusions: The high dental care costs estimated for the population of high school students studied makes relevant the need for the development of programs and goals at the secondary and tertiary education levels. They should emphasize self-care.

Usos y efectos del fosfato de calcio amorfo (FCA) en la odontología restauradora y preventiva / Uses and effects of amorphous calcium phosphate (FCA) in preventive and restorative dentistry

En el presente trabajo se realizó una revisión de la literatura, con el fin de compartir con el gremio odontológico, la información recolectada sobre los usos y efectos actualizados del Fosfato de Calcio Amorfo (FCA) en la odontología, material que promete ser una importante contribución para la protección del medio oral, en un amplio número de situaciones, en las que pueda haber un desequilibrio mineral

This paper reports a literature review which shares the gathered information with the Dental community about the innovate uses and effects of the Amorphous Calcium Phosphate (ACP) with the dentistry, this material will be a significant contribution to the oral environment protection, in lots of situations that could has a mineral unbalance

Caries dental en escolares, su relación con variables socioprofesionales de los padres, México / Dental decay in students as related to parental socio-professional variables, México

Objetivo: el conocer la relación que existe entre la caries dental de los escolares de seis a doce años de la Delegación Milpa Alta DF, y la ocupación instrucción y los ingresos de sus padres, con el propósito de incidir en el control de este problema a través de la implementación de programas de protección específica, aplicación de flúor, selladores de fosetas y fisuras, y de promoción. Método: El tipo de estudio fue transversal, descriptivo y observacional, teniendo como universo de estudio a los 14520 escolares de las 32 escuelas primarias de dicha Delegación. La muestra por conveniencia fue de 2100 escolares, tomando a una de ellas por cada pueblo 12 en total. Resultados: El promedio general de caries dental en la dentición permanente fue de 3.4 y en la temporal de 3.9 no encontrándose diferencias entre los sexos ya que este problema se comportó de manera similar en los dos. Con relación a la caries dental el promedio más alto lo tuvieron los hijos de padres y madres desempleados con 4.0 y 3.7 respectivamente. De acuerdo a la educación el más elevado lo ocuparon los hijos de los padres con bachillerato completo 4.3 y en las madres con bachillerato incompleto con 3.9. De acuerdo a los ingresos el más alto con 3.9 lo obtuvieron los hijos de los padres que ganan 7000 dólares quincenales y en las madres el más alto con 4.4 las que ganan 10000 dolares quincenales. Conclusiones: Es importante el continuar con estudios con estas características donde se incorporen variables biológicas y sociales ya que nos permite tener una visión más integral de los problemas que estamos estudiando y en consecuencia plantear alternativas de solución acordes a las necesidades específicas de la población en estudio.

Objetive: To know the relationship between students´ (ages six to twelve) dental decay in the Milpa Alta Delegation, DF, and the occupation, education and income of their parents, in order to have an influence on control of this problem through implementation of specific protection programs (fluorine application, caries and fissure sealants), and health promotion. Method: The study undertaken was cross-sectional, descriptive and observational, and had a universe of 14250 students of 32 elementary schools from the Milpa Alta Delegation. A convenience sample was chosen including 2100 students, selecting one school in each town from a total of 12 towns. Results: The general average of dental decay in permanent teething was 3,4; and the average was 3.9 for the temporal teething. No difference was found between gender. In relation to tooth decay, the highest average was found in children of unemployed fathers and mothers, with a 4,0 and 3,7 average, respectively. With regard to education, the highest average (4,3) was found in children of parents with a complete high school education; and in children of mothers with an incomplete high school education the average was 3.9. Regarding income, the highest average, 3,9, was found in children of parents earning more than $ 7000 (Mexican pesos) biweekly; and in mothers earning more than $10.000 (Mexican pesos) the average was 4,4. Conclusions: It is important to continue with similar studies, where biological and social variables are included, since this allows a more integral vision of the problems under study, and hence, allows proposal of alternative solutions according to the specific needs of the population.

Perfil epidemiológico bucal de la población adulta mayor de la Delegación Milpa Alta, México, y la percepción que tienen de su boca / Buccal epidemiological profile of the elderly in the Milpa Alta Delegation, México, and their perception of their mouth

Objetivo: Identificar el perfil epidemiológico bucal de caries dental, parodontopatías, maloclusiones y lesiones en tejidos blandos de la población adulta mayor de 60 años y la percepción que tienen de sus problemas bucales. Metodología: El presente estudio estuvo conformado por los 20 centros de protección del adulto mayor que sencuentran localizados en los doce pueblos que conforman a la Delegación Milpa Alta. El estudio combinó la investigación cualitativa con la cuantitativa y fue de tipo descriptivo, transversal y observacional. A través del Patronato Delegacional se realizó una invitación a esta población para que voluntariamente e informada de lo que se iba a realizar participara en el estudio. Al llamado acudieron 322 personas que fueron las que conformaron la muestra. Resultados: De las 322 personas revisadas, 265 fueron del sexo femenino y 57 del masculino. El promedio general de caries dental fue de 22.2 La higiene oral de 1.3 y la inflamación papilar, marginal y adherida de 1.2. Conclusiones: Los resultados de este estudio nos demuestra la necesidad de implementar acciones de protección específica y de promoción de la salud en la población, así como la ampliación de la cobertura del sistema de salud en beneficio de la salud bucal.

Objective: To identify the buccal epidemiological profile of dental decay, parodontopathies, malocclusions and soft tissue injuries of the elderly population (60+ years) and the perception that they have of their buccal problems. Method: The present study was carried out in 20 centers of protection for the elderly located in the 12 towns that make up the Milpa Alta Delegation (DF). The study universe were the 7868 elderly adults that live in the Milpa Alta Delegation. This work combined quantitative and qualitative research and is a descriptive, cross-sectional and observational study. Through a community organization an invitation was made to this population so that voluntarily and adequatly informed they could participate in the study. The 322 respondents made up the sample. Results: Of the 322 individuals that were checked-up, 265 were female and 57 male. The general average of dental decay was 22,2, 1.3 for oral hygiene, and 1,2 for papillar inflamation (marginal and adhered).Conclusions: The results of this study demonstrate the need to implement specific health promotion and protection actions in the population, as well as the extension of health system coverage in benefit of buccal health.